Humanistic Therapy Can Be Impractical in the Treatment of
13.two Types of Handling
Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
- Distinguish between psychotherapy and biomedical therapy
- Recognize various orientations to psychotherapy
- Discuss psychotropic medications and recognize which medications are used to care for specific psychological disorders
I of the goals of therapy is to assist a person stop repeating and reenacting destructive patterns and to first looking for amend solutions to hard situations. This goal is reflected in the post-obit poem:
Autobiography in Five Curt Capacity by Portia Nelson (1993)
Affiliate One
I walk down the street.
There is a deep pigsty in the sidewalk.
I autumn in.
I am lost. . . . I am helpless.
It isn't my fault.
It takes forever to find a way out.
Chapter Two
I walk down the same street.
There is a deep hole in the sidewalk.
I pretend I don't run across information technology.
I fall in once again.
I can't believe I am in this same identify.
But, information technology isn't my fault.
Information technology still takes a long time to get out.
Affiliate Three
I walk down the same street.
In that location is a deep hole in the sidewalk.
Iencounter information technology is there.
I however fall in . . . it's a addiction . . . only,
my optics are open up.
I know where I am.
It ismy fault.
I go out immediately.
Chapter 4
I walk down the same street.
There is a deep pigsty in the sidewalk.
I walk effectually it.
Chapter Five
I walk down another street.
What are your thoughts about this representation of the procedure of therapy? How does it compare with your own understanding of how therapy works? Practice you know an individual who has had a similar experience, or have you had any experiences like this?
Two types of therapy are psychotherapy and biomedical therapy. Both types of treatment help people with psychological disorders, simply use dissimilar methodologies. Psychotherapy is a psychological handling that employs diverse methods to help someone overcome personal problems or to achieve personal growth. Biomedical therapy involves medication and/or medical procedures to treat psychological disorders. For many clients seeking mental health services, these therapies are combined and may be managed by two or more than health care providers.
Below, we will discuss unlike orientations (or ways of budgeted) psychotherapy. Many therapeutic orientations exist, and there is no consensus on what is the "best" orientation; in fact, different techniques may exist used for different clients co-ordinate to needs and personality type. Most therapists utilize a blend of different orientations to suit a customer's needs.
PSYCHOTHERAPY TECHNIQUES: PSYCHOANALYSIS
Psychoanalysis was developed past SigmundFreud and was the showtime form of psychotherapy. Information technology was the dominant therapeutic technique in the early 20th century, just other orientations are mostly more popular today. Freud believed well-nigh of our psychological problems are the result of repressed impulses and trauma experienced in childhood, and he believed psychoanalysis would help uncover long-buried feelings. In a psychoanalyst's role, you might run into a patient lying on a couch speaking of dreams or childhood memories, and the therapist using various Freudian methods such as free association and dream assay. In gratuitous clan, the patient relaxes and then says any comes to mind at the moment. Still, Freud felt that the ego would at times endeavour to cake, or repress, unacceptable urges or painful conflicts during complimentary association. Consequently, a patient would demonstrate resistance to recalling these thoughts or situations. In dream assay, a therapist interprets the underlying meaning of dreams.
Psychoanalysis is a therapy approach that tin can have years. Over the course of time, the patient reveals a cracking bargain well-nigh themselves to the therapist. Freud suggested that during this patient-therapist relationship, the patient comes to develop strong feelings concerning the therapist—peradventure positive feelings, maybe negative feelings. Freud called this transference: the patient transfers all the positive or negative emotions associated with the patient's other relationships to the psychoanalyst. For example, Crystal is seeing a psychoanalyst. During the years of therapy, she comes to see her therapist as a father effigy. She transfers her feelings about her father onto her therapist, perhaps in an effort to proceeds the beloved and attention she did non receive from her own father.
This is the famous couch in Freud's consulting room. Patients were instructed to lie comfortably on the burrow and to face away from Freud in club to feel less inhibited and to assistance them focus. Today, psychotherapy clients are not likely to lie on a couch; instead, clients are more likely to sit facing the therapist (Prochaska & Norcross, 2010). (credit: Robert Huffstutter)
Today, Freud's psychoanalytical perspective has been expanded upon by the developments of subsequent theories and methodologies to create thepsychodynamic orientation. This approach to therapy remains centered on the role of people's internal drives and forces, but treatment is less intensive in some means than Freud's original model.
PSYCHOTHERAPY: BEHAVIOR THERAPY
In behavior therapy, a therapist employs principles of learning to assistance clients change undesirable behaviors. Therapists with this orientation believe that dysfunctional behaviors, like phobias and bedwetting, can be changed by education clients new, more than effective behaviors. Behavior therapy employs both classical and operant workout techniques to change behavior.
1 blazon of behavior therapy utilizes classical workout techniques. Therapists using these techniques believe that dysfunctional behaviors are conditioned responses. Applying the workout principles adult by Ivan Pavlov, these therapists seek to recondition their clients and thus alter their behavior. Emmie is eight years onetime, and frequently wets her bed at night. She'southward been invited to several sleepovers, but she won't become because of her trouble. Using a type of conditioning therapy, Emmie begins to slumber on a liquid-sensitive bed pad that is hooked to an alarm. When moisture touches the pad, it sets off the alarm, waking up Emmie. When this process is repeated enough times, Emmie develops an association between urinary relaxation and waking up, and this stops the bedwetting. Emmie has at present gone three weeks without wetting her bed and is looking forward to her start sleepover this weekend.
Ane commonly used classical conditioning therapeutic technique is counterconditioning: a client learns a new response to a stimulus that has previously elicited an undesirable behavior. Two counterconditioning techniques are aversive workout and exposure therapy. Aversive conditioning uses an unpleasant stimulus to end an undesirable behavior. Therapists apply this technique to eliminate addictive behaviors, such as smoking, nail biting, and drinking. In aversion therapy, clients will typically appoint in a specific behavior (such as nail bitter) and at the same time are exposed to something unpleasant, such equally a bad taste. After repeated associations betwixt the unpleasant stimulus and the behavior, the client tin learn to stop the unwanted behavior.
Disfavor therapy has been used finer for years in the treatment of alcoholism (Davidson, 1974; Elkins, 1991; Streeton & Whelan, 2001). One mutual way this occurs is through a chemically based substance known every bit Antabuse. When a person takes Antabuse and then consumes alcohol, uncomfortable side effects outcome including nausea, vomiting, increased heart rate, heart palpitations, severe headache, and shortness of breath. Antabuse is repeatedly paired with alcohol until the client associates alcohol with unpleasant feelings, which decreases the client's desire to swallow alcohol. Antabuse creates a conditioned aversion to alcohol because it replaces the original pleasure response with an unpleasant one.
In exposure therapy, a therapist seeks to treat clients' fears or feet by presenting them with the object or situation that causes their problem, with the idea that they will eventually get used to it. This can be done via reality, imagination, or virtual reality. Exposure therapy was first reported in 1924 by Mary Cover Jones, who is considered the female parent of beliefs therapy. Jones worked with a boy named Peter who was afraid of rabbits. Her goal was to supersede Peter's fear of rabbits with a conditioned response of relaxation, which is a response that is incompatible with fright. How did she exercise it? Jones began by placing a caged rabbit on the other side of a room with Peter while he ate his afternoon snack. Over the form of several days, Jones moved the rabbit closer and closer to where Peter was seated with his snack. Later on two months of beingness exposed to the rabbit while relaxing with his snack, Peter was able to hold the rabbit and pet it while eating (Jones, 1924).
Exposure therapy seeks to change the response to a conditioned stimulus (CS). An unconditioned stimulus is presented over and over just later on the presentation of the conditioned stimulus. This figure shows conditioning as conducted in Mary Cover Jones' 1924 report.
Thirty years later, Joseph Wolpe (1958) refined Jones's techniques, giving us the beliefs therapy technique of exposure therapy that is used today. A popular grade of exposure therapy is systematic desensitization, wherein a calm and pleasant country is gradually associated with increasing levels of anxiety-inducing stimuli. The idea is that yous tin't be nervous and relaxed at the same fourth dimension. Therefore, if you tin acquire to relax when you are facing environmental stimuli that make you lot nervous or fearful, you can eventually eliminate your unwanted fearfulness response (Wolpe, 1958).
This person suffers from arachnophobia (fear of spiders). Through exposure therapy he is learning how to confront his fear in a controlled, therapeutic setting. (credit: "GollyGforce – Living My Worst Nightmare"/Flickr)
How does exposure therapy piece of work? Jayden is terrified of elevators. Nothing bad has always happened to him on an elevator, merely he'southward so afraid of elevators that he will always take the stairs. That wasn't a problem when Jayden worked on the second floor of an office building, just at present he has a new job—on the 29th floor of a skyscraper in downtown Los Angeles. Jayden knows he tin't climb 29 flights of stairs in order to go to work each day, so he decided to see a behavior therapist for aid. The therapist asks Jayden to start construct a hierarchy of elevator-related situations that arm-twist fear and anxiety. They range from situations of mild anxiety such as being nervous around the other people in the elevator, to the fear of getting an arm caught in the door, to panic-provoking situations such equally getting trapped or the cable snapping. Next, the therapist uses progressive relaxation. She teaches Jayden how to relax each of his muscle groups and then that he achieves a drowsy, relaxed, and comfortable state of mind. Once he's in this land, she asks Jayden to imagine a mildly anxiety-provoking situation. Jayden is standing in front of the elevator thinking about pressing the call push button.
If this scenario causes Jayden anxiety, he lifts his finger. The therapist would and then tell Jayden to forget the scene and return to his relaxed state. She repeats this scenario over and over until Jayden can imagine himself pressing the telephone call push with much less or no anxiety. Over time the therapist and Jayden use progressive relaxation and imagination to proceed through all of the situations on Jayden's hierarchy until he becomes desensitized to each ane. Afterward this, Jayden and the therapist begin to practice what he only previously envisioned in therapy, gradually going from pressing the push button to really riding an elevator. The goal is that Jayden will be able to accept the elevator all the way up to the 29th floor of his office, even if he still feels a little anxious.
Sometimes, it'south too impractical, expensive, or embarrassing to re-create anxiety- producing situations, so a therapist might utilize virtual reality exposure therapy by using a simulation to assist conquer fears. Virtual reality exposure therapy has been used effectively to treat numerous anxiety disorders such as the fear of public speaking, claustrophobia (fearfulness of enclosed spaces), aviophobia (fearfulness of flying), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a trauma and stressor-related disorder (Gerardi, Cukor, Difede, Rizzo, & Rothbaum, 2010).
Some behavior therapies apply operant conditioning. Think what you learned about operant workout: We accept a tendency to repeat behaviors that are reinforced. What happens to behaviors that are not reinforced? They get extinguished. These techniques can assist individuals who have a wide variety of psychological problems.
PSYCHOTHERAPY: COGNITIVE THERAPY
Cerebral therapy is a form of psychotherapy that focuses on how a person's thoughts atomic number 82 to feelings of distress. The thought behind cognitive therapy is that how y'all think determines how you feel and act. Cognitive therapists help their clients change dysfunctional thoughts in society to relieve distress. They help a customer see how they misinterpret a situation (cerebral distortion). For example, a client may overgeneralize. Because Ray failed one exam in his Psychology 101 course, he feels he is stupid and worthless. These thoughts and then cause his mood to worsen. Therapists also assistance clients recognize when they accident things out of proportion. Because Ray failed his Psychology 101 test, he has concluded that he's going to fail the entire course and probably flunk out of college altogether. These errors in thinking have contributed to Ray'southward feelings of distress. His therapist will help him challenge these irrational behavior, focus on their illogical basis, and correct them with more logical and rational thoughts and behavior.
Cognitive therapy was adult by psychiatrist AaronBeck in the 1960s. His initial focus was on depression and how a customer's self-defeating attitude served to maintain a depression despite positive factors in her life (Beck, Rush, Shaw, & Emery, 1979). Through questioning, a cognitive therapist can aid a customer recognize dysfunctional ideas, challenge catastrophizing thoughts about themselves and their situations, and find a more positive way to view things (Beck, 2011).
Your emotional reactions are the outcome of your thoughts almost the situation rather than the state of affairs itself. For instance, if you consistently interpret events and emotions around the themes of loss and defeat, then you are likely to be depressed. Through therapy, you can learn more logical ways to interpret situations.
PSYCHOTHERAPY: Cerebral-BEHAVIORAL THERAPY
Cognitive-behavioral therapists focus much more on present issues than on a patient's childhood or past. One of the first forms of cerebral-behavioral therapy (CBT) was rational emotive therapy (RET), which was founded past Albert Ellis (Daniel, north.d.). Behaviorists such every bit Joseph Wolpe also influenced Ellis's therapeutic approach (National Clan of Cerebral-Behavioral Therapists, 2009). CBT is one of the nearly pop and widely researched types of therapy today.
CBT helps clients examine how their thoughts affect their behavior. It aims to change cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors. In essence, this approach is designed to alter the way people call up besides as how they deed. It is like to cerebral therapy in that CBT attempts to make individuals aware of their irrational and negative thoughts and helps people supplant them with new, more positive ways of thinking. It is likewise similar to behavior therapies in that CBT teaches people how to practice and appoint in healthier and more positive approaches to daily situations. In total, hundreds of studies have shown the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy in the handling of numerous psychological disorders such as depression, PTSD, feet disorders, eating disorders, bipolar disorder, and substance abuse (Beck Found for Cerebral Behavior Therapy, n.d.). For example, CBT has been found to exist constructive in decreasing levels of hopelessness and suicidal thoughts in previously suicidal teenagers (Alavi, Sharifi, Ghanizadeh, & Dehbozorgi, 2013). Cognitive-behavioral therapy has as well been constructive in reducing PTSD in specific populations, such as transit workers (Lowinger & Rombom, 2012).
Cognitive-behavioral therapy aims to change cognitive distortions and cocky-defeating behaviors using techniques like the ABC model. With this model, in that location is anAction (sometimes called an activating upshot), theBelief well-nigh the event, and theConsequences of this conventionalities. Let's say, Jon and Joe both go to a political party. Jon and Joe each take met a young adult female at the party: Jon is talking with Megan most of the party, and Joe is talking with Amanda. At the cease of the party, Jon asks Megan for her telephone number and Joe asks Amanda. Megan tells Jon she would rather not give him her number, and Amanda tells Joe the same matter. Both Jon and Joe are surprised, as they thought things were going well. What tin Jon and Joe tell themselves about why the women were not interested? Allow's say Jon tells himself he is a loser or he is ugly. Jon and then gets depressed and decides not to go to some other party, which starts a cycle that keeps him depressed. Joe tells himself that she simply may not take been interested in dating anyone at that fourth dimension, goes to another party, and meets someone new.
Jon's belief about what happened results in a consequence of farther depression, whereas Joe'southward conventionalities does non. Jon is internalizing the attribution or reason for the rebuffs, which triggers his depression. On the other hand, Joe is externalizing the cause, so his thinking does not contribute to feelings of depression. Cognitive-behavioral therapy examines specific maladaptive and automatic thoughts and cognitive distortions. Some examples of cerebral distortions are all-or-nada thinking, overgeneralization, and jumping to conclusions. In overgeneralization, someone takes a pocket-sized situation and makes it huge—for example, instead of saying, "This particular person was not interested in me," an individual might say, "I am ugly, a loser, and no i is always going to be interested in me."
All or cipher thinking, which is a common type of cognitive distortion for people suffering from depression, reflects extremes. In other words, everything is black or white. Afterwards being turned downward for a date, Jon begins to think, "No ane will always become out with me. I'm going to exist lone forever." He begins to feel broken-hearted and sad as he contemplates his future.
The third kind of distortion involves jumping to conclusions—bold that people are thinking negatively about you or reacting negatively to you lot, even though there is no evidence. Consider the example of Savannah and Hillaire, who recently met at a political party. They have a lot in common, and Savannah thinks they could become friends. She calls Hillaire to invite her for coffee. Since Hillaire doesn't answer, Savannah leaves her a message. Several days go by and Savannah never hears dorsum from her potential new friend. Perhaps Hillaire never received the message considering she lost her phone or she is too busy to return the phone call. But if Savannah believes that Hillaire didn't like Savannah or didn't desire to be her friend, she is demonstrating the cognitive distortion of jumping to conclusions.
PSYCHOTHERAPY: HUMANISTIC THERAPY
Humanistic psychology focuses on helping people achieve their potential. So it makes sense that the goal of humanistic therapy is to help people get more self-aware and accepting of themselves. In contrast to psychoanalysis, humanistic therapists focus on conscious rather than unconscious thoughts. They also emphasize the patient'southward present and time to come, as opposed to exploring the patient's past.
Psychologist CarlRogers adult a therapeutic orientation known as Rogerian, or client-centered therapy. Note the change frompatients toclients. Rogers (1951) felt that the term patient suggested the person seeking help was ill and looking for a cure. Since this is a form of nondirective therapy, a therapeutic arroyo in which the therapist does non give advice or provide interpretations merely helps the person to identify conflicts and sympathise feelings, Rogers (1951) emphasized the importance of the person taking control of his ain life to overcome life's challenges.
In client-centered therapy, the therapist uses the technique of active listening. In agile listening, the therapist acknowledges, restates, and clarifies what the client expresses. Therapists also practice what Rogers called unconditional positive regard, which involves not judging clients and simply accepting them for who they are. Rogers (1951) also felt that therapists should demonstrate genuineness, empathy, and credence toward their clients because this helps people become more accepting of themselves, which results in personal growth.
EVALUATING VARIOUS FORMS OF PSYCHOTHERAPY
How tin can we assess the effectiveness of psychotherapy? Is one technique more than constructive than some other? For anyone considering therapy, these are important questions. According to the American Psychological Association, three factors work together to produce successful treatment. The first is the apply of evidence-based treatment that is deemed advisable for your particular upshot. The 2d important cistron is the clinical expertise of the psychologist or therapist. The third factor is your own characteristics, values, preferences, and culture. Many people begin psychotherapy feeling like their problem will never be resolved; all the same, psychotherapy helps people come across that they can do things to make their situation better. Psychotherapy can help reduce a person's anxiety, depression, and maladaptive behaviors. Through psychotherapy, individuals can learn to engage in good for you behaviors designed to help them better limited emotions, improve relationships, think more positively, and perform more effectively at work or school.
Many studies have explored the effectiveness of psychotherapy. For example, one large-scale study that examined xvi meta-analyses of CBT reported that information technology was equally constructive or more effective than other therapies in treating PTSD, generalized feet disorder, depression, and social phobia (Butler, Chapman, Forman, & Beck, 2006). Some other study found that CBT was as effective at treating depression (43% success rate) as prescription medication (50% success rate) compared to the placebo rate of 25% (DeRubeis et al., 2005). Some other meta-analysis found that psychodynamic therapy was likewise as constructive at treating these types of psychological issues every bit CBT (Shedler, 2010). While much research has been done comparing unlike psychotherapies, researchers do not agree on whether any i therapy appears to be superior to another (e.thousand., Marcus, O'Connell, Norris, & Sawaqdeh, 2014; Wampold et al., 1997; Wampold et al., 2017).
BIOMEDICAL THERAPIES
Individuals can exist prescribed biologically based treatments or psychotropic medications that are used to treat mental disorders. While these are often used in combination with psychotherapy, they also are taken by individuals not in therapy. This is known as biomedical therapy. Medications used to treat psychological disorders are called psychotropic medications and are prescribed by medical doctors, including psychiatrists. In New Mexico, Louisiana, Illinois, Iowa, and Idaho, psychologists are as well able to prescribe some types of these medications (American Psychological Association, 2017).
Different types and classes of medications are prescribed for different disorders. A depressed person might exist given an antidepressant, a bipolar individual might be given a mood stabilizer, and a schizophrenic individual might exist given an antipsychotic. These medications are used to try to treat the symptoms of a psychological disorder. They tin can help people feel better so that they can part on a daily basis, merely they do not cure the disorder. Some people may only need to take a psychotropic medication for a short period of time. Others with severe disorders like bipolar disorder or schizophrenia may need to take psychotropic medication for a long time. Still other individuals may make up one's mind not to take medications for personal reasons, such as cost or inability to tolerate harmful side furnishings. The table beneath shows types of medication and how they are used.
| Blazon of Medication | Used to Care for | Brand Names of Commonly Prescribed Medications | How They Work | Side Effects |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antipsychotics (developed in the 1950s) | Schizophrenia and other types of severe thought disorders | Haldol, Mellaril, Prolixin, Thorazine | Treat positive psychotic symptoms such as auditory and visual hallucinations, delusions, and paranoia past blocking the neurotransmitter dopamine | Long-term apply can atomic number 82 to tardive dyskinesia, involuntary movements of the arms, legs, tongue and facial muscles, resulting in Parkinson'southward-like tremors |
| Atypical Antipsychotics (adult in the belatedly 1980s) | Schizophrenia and other types of severe idea disorders | Abilify, Risperdal, Clozaril | Treat the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, such equally withdrawal and apathy, by targeting both dopamine and serotonin receptors; newer medications may treat both positive and negative symptoms | Can increase the gamble of obesity and diabetes besides every bit elevate cholesterol levels; constipation, dry rima oris, blurred vision, drowsiness, and dizziness |
| Anti-depressants | Depression and increasingly for feet | Paxil, Prozac, Zoloft (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, [SSRIs]); Tofranil and Elavil (tricyclics) | Alter levels of neurotransmitters such equally serotonin and norepinephrine | SSRIs: headache, nausea, weight gain, drowsiness, reduced sex activity bulldoze Tricyclics: dry oral fissure, constipation, blurred vision, drowsiness, reduced sex drive, increased take chances of suicide |
| Anti-feet agents | Anxiety and agitation that occur in OCD, PTSD, panic disorder, and social phobia | Xanax, Valium, Ativan | Depress key nervous system action | Drowsiness, dizziness, headache, fatigue, lightheadedness |
| Mood Stabilizers | Bipolar disorder | Lithium, Depakote, Lamictal, Tegretol | Treat episodes of mania as well every bit depression | Excessive thirst, irregular heartbeat, itching/rash, swelling (face, mouth, and extremities), nausea, loss of appetite |
| Stimulants | ADHD | Adderall, Ritalin | Improve ability to focus on a task and maintain attention | Decreased ambition, difficulty sleeping, stomachache, headache |
Another biologically based treatment that continues to be used, although infrequently, is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)(formerly known as electroshock therapy). It involves using an electrical current to induce seizures to help convalesce the effects of severe depression. The exact machinery is unknown, although it does help alleviate symptoms for people with astringent depression who have not responded to traditional drug therapy (Pagnin, de Queiroz, Pini, & Cassano, 2004). About 85% of people treated with ECT improve (Reti, n.d.). However, the memory loss associated with repeated administrations has led to it being implemented as a concluding resort (Donahue, 2000; Prudic, Peyser, & Sackeim, 2000). A more than recent alternative is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), a procedure approved by the FDA in 2008 that uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in the brain to improve low symptoms; it is used when other treatments have not worked (Mayo Clinic, 2012).
EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE
A buzzword in therapy today is evidence-based practice. Still, it's not a novel concept but i that has been used in medicine for at least two decades. Show-based practice is used to reduce errors in treatment selection by making clinical decisions for individuals based on research show (Sackett & Rosenberg, 1995; Spring, 2007). Some other way of maxim that there is research prove to back up a given handling is to say that information technology is empirically supported. Professional organizations such as the American Psychological Association (APA) accept recommended that specific psychological treatments supported by research show be used to treat sure psychological disorders (Chambless & Ollendick, 2001).
The idea backside empirically-supported treatments, which are a key part of evidence-based practise, is that a given type of therapy that is targeted toward a certain problem (such as behavioral therapy for depression) is compared to other forms of treatment and/or non-treatment command weather (Chambless & Ollendick, 2001). These treatments are operationalized and placed in treatment manuals, and trained therapists follow these manuals. The benefits are that empirically-supported handling tin can reduce variability between therapists to ensure that a specific approach is delivered with integrity (Charman & Barkham, 2005). Therefore, clients should have a college chance of receiving therapeutic interventions that are constructive at treating their specific disorder. Others argue that the criteria the APA has in place to ascertain "empirical support" are too wide and may ignore fundamental elements, such equally whether the theory backside a treatment corresponds to its methods (east.yard., David & Montgomery, 2011).
SUMMARY
Psychoanalysis was adult by Sigmund Freud. Freud'southward theory is that a person's psychological problems are the result of repressed impulses or childhood trauma. The goal of the therapist is to help a person uncover buried feelings past using techniques such every bit free clan and dream analysis.
In behavior therapy, a therapist employs principles of learning from classical and operant conditioning to help clients change undesirable behaviors. Counterconditioning is a commonly used therapeutic technique in which a client learns a new response to a stimulus that has previously elicited an undesirable behavior via classical workout. Principles of operant conditioning tin be applied to help people bargain with a wide range of psychological problems.
Cognitive therapy is a technique that focuses on how thoughts lead to feelings of distress. The idea backside cognitive therapy is that how you recall determines how you experience and act. Cognitive therapists help clients change dysfunctional thoughts in order to salve distress. Cognitive-behavioral therapy explores how our thoughts affect our behavior. Cognitive-behavioral therapy aims to alter cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors.
Humanistic therapy focuses on helping people achieve their potential. Ane grade of humanistic therapy adult past Carl Rogers is known as client-centered or Rogerian therapy. Client-centered therapists employ the techniques of active listening, unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathy to assistance clients become more accepting of themselves.
Often in combination with psychotherapy, people can be prescribed biologically based treatments such as psychotropic medications and/or other medical procedures such as electro-convulsive therapy.
References:
Openstax Psychology text by Kathryn Dumper, William Jenkins, Arlene Lacombe, Marilyn Lovett and Marion Perlmutter licensed nether CC BY v4.0. https://openstax.org/details/books/psychology
Exercises
Review Questions:
1. The idea behind ________ is that how y'all think determines how you experience and human action.
a. cerebral therapy
b. cognitive-behavioral therapy
c. behavior therapy
d. customer-centered therapy
2. Mood stabilizers, such as lithium, are most ofttimes used to treat ________.
a. feet disorders
b. depression
c. bipolar disorder
d. ADHD
iii. Dirt is in a therapy session. The therapist asks him to relax and say any comes to his mind at the moment. This therapist is using ________, which is a technique of ________.
a. active listening; client-centered therapy
b. systematic desensitization; behavior therapy
c. transference; psychoanalysis
d. free association; psychoanalysis
Disquisitional Thinking Question:
1. Imagine that you are a psychiatrist. Your patient, Pat, comes to you with the post-obit symptoms: anxiety and feelings of sadness. Which therapeutic approach would you lot recommend and why?
Personal Application Question:
i. If you were to choose a therapist practicing one of the techniques presented in this section, which kind of therapist would you choose and why?
Glossary:
aversive conditioning
behavior therapy
biomedical therapy
cognitive-behavioral therapy
cerebral therapy
counterconditioning
dream analysis
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
exposure therapy
free association
humanistic therapy
nondirective therapy
psychoanalysis
psychotherapy
rational emotive therapy (RET)
Rogerian (client-centered therapy)
systematic desensitization
transference
unconditional positive regard
virtual reality exposure therapy:
Answers to Exercises
Review Questions:
1. A
2. C
iii. D
Critical Thinking Question:
1. I would recommend psychodynamic talk therapy or cerebral therapy to help the person see how her thoughts and behaviors are having negative effects.
Glossary:
aversive conditioning:counterconditioning technique that pairs an unpleasant stimulant with an undesirable behavior
behavior therapy: therapeutic orientation that employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors
biomedical therapy:treatment that involves medication and/or medical procedures to care for psychological disorders
cerebral-behavioral therapy: form of psychotherapy that aims to change cerebral distortions and cocky-defeating behaviors
cerebral therapy: form of psychotherapy that focuses on how a person'south thoughts lead to feelings of distress, with the aim of helping them alter these irrational thoughts
counterconditioning: classical conditioning therapeutic technique in which a client learns a new response to a stimulus that has previously elicited an undesirable behavior
dream assay:technique in psychoanalysis in which patients recall their dreams and the psychoanalyst interprets them to reveal unconscious desires or struggles
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT):blazon of biomedical therapy that involves using an electric electric current to induce seizures in a person to help convalesce the effects of severe low
exposure therapy:counterconditioning technique in which a therapist seeks to care for a client'southward fear or feet by presenting the feared object or state of affairs with the idea that the person volition eventually go used to information technology
free association: technique in psychoanalysis in which the patient says whatsoever comes to mind at the moment
humanistic therapy:therapeutic orientation aimed at helping people become more cocky-aware and accepting of themselves
nondirective therapy: therapeutic arroyo in which the therapist does not give advice or provide interpretations only helps the person identify conflicts and understand feelings
psychoanalysis: therapeutic orientation developed by Sigmund Freud that employs gratis clan, dream analysis, and transference to uncover repressed feelings
psychotherapy: (also, psychodynamic psychotherapy) psychological treatment that employs diverse methods to help someone overcome personal problems, or to attain personal growth
rational emotive therapy (RET):form of cognitive-behavioral therapy
Rogerian (client-centered therapy): non-directive form of humanistic psychotherapy developed by Carl Rogers that emphasizes unconditional positive regard and self-acceptance
systematic desensitization: form of exposure therapy used to care for phobias and feet disorders by exposing a person to the feared object or state of affairs through a stimulus bureaucracy
transference:process in psychoanalysis in which the patient transfers all of the positive or negative emotions associated with the patient's other relationships to the psychoanalyst
unconditional positive regard:fundamental credence of a person regardless of what they say or exercise; term associated with humanistic psychology
virtual reality exposure therapy:uses a simulation rather than the actual feared object or state of affairs to help people conquer their fears
Source: https://opentext.wsu.edu/psych105/chapter/13-3-types-of-treatment/
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